Genetic Loci of Plant Pathogenic Dickeya solani IPO 2222 Expressed in Contact with Weed-Host Bittersweet Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara L.) Plants.

Dickeya solani, belonging to the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae, are aggressive necrotrophs, exhibiting both a wide geographic distribution and a wide host range that includes many angiosperm orders, both dicot and monocot plants, cultivated under all climatic conditions. Little is known about the infection strategies D. solani employs to infect hosts other than potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Our earlier study identified D. solani Tn5 mutants induced exclusively by the presence of the weed host S. dulcamara. The current study assessed the identity and virulence contribution of the selected genes mutated by the Tn5 insertions and induced by the presence of S. dulcamara. These genes encode proteins with functions linked to polyketide antibiotics and polysaccharide synthesis, membrane transport, stress response, and sugar and amino acid metabolism. Eight of these genes, encoding UvrY (GacA), tRNA guanosine transglycosylase Tgt, LPS-related WbeA, capsular biosynthesis protein VpsM, DltB alanine export protein, glycosyltransferase, putative transcription regulator YheO/PAS domain-containing protein, and a hypothetical protein, were required for virulence on S. dulcamara plants. The implications of D. solani interaction with a weed host, S. dulcamara, are discussed.

Immunomodulatory and antibacterial effect of red wine concentrate rich in a natural complex of polyphenols under diabetes mellitus.

Changes in immunocompetent cells influence the course of diabetes mellitus and contribute to its complications. Thus, correction of diabetes-induced immune system disorders is vital for normalizing the state of the organism. Red wine polyphenols due to their biological activities could be considered a potential remedy for correcting diabetes. The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential and the influence of red wine polyphenols on immune system in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. We studied immunological parameters, i.e. quantity of white blood cells in peripheral blood and peritoneal macrophages, the bactericidal activity of phagocytes of blood, the activity of myeloperoxidase, and the level of cationic proteins in these cells after the administration of the polyphenol-rich red wine concentrate (PC concentrate) of known composition, obtained from Ukrainian wine, for 14th day to rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the PC concentrate was determined with the Broth Microdilution method. The PC concentrate normalized the quantity and functional activity of peripheral blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages, and decreased the quantity of lymphocytes under diabetes, as well as possessed the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Our results indicate the significant biological potential of the PC concentrate and its therapeutic relevance to correct diabetes-induced disorders.

Biotechnological strategies for controlled accumulation of flavones in hairy root culture of Scutellaria lateriflora L.

Accumulation of medicinally important flavones and acteoside was evaluated in Scutellaria lateriflora hairy root cultures subjected to different experimental strategies - feeding with precursors of phenolics biosynthesis (phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, and sodium cinnamate), addition of elicitors (chitosan, jasmonic acid) and Amberlite XAD-4 and XAD-7 resins and permeabilization with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol. The production profile of S. lateriflora cultures changed under the influence of the applied strategies. Hairy roots of S. lateriflora were found to be a rich source of wogonoside or wogonin, depending on the treatment used. The addition of sodium cinnamate (1.0 mg/L) was the most effective approach to provide high production of flavonoids, especially wogonoside (4.41% dry weight /DW/; 566.78 mg/L). Permeabilization with DMSO (2 µg/ml for 12 h) or methanol (30% for 12 h) resulted in high biosynthesis of wogonin (299.77 mg/L and 274.03 mg/L, respectively). The obtained results provide new insight into the selection of the optimal growth conditions for the production of in vitro biomass with a significant level of flavone accumulation. The data may be valuable for designing large-scale cultivation systems of hairy roots of S. lateriflora with high productivity of bioactive compounds - wogonin or wogonoside.

Excess filaggrin in keratinocytes is removed by extracellular vesicles to prevent premature death and this mechanism can be hijacked by Staphylococcus aureus in a TLR2-dependent fashion.

Filaggrin (FLG) protein is indispensable for multiple aspects of the epidermal barrier function but its accumulation in a monomeric filaggrin form may initiate premature keratinocytes death; it is unclear how filaggrin levels are controlled before the formation of storing keratohyalin granules. Here we show that keratinocyte-secreted small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may contain filaggrin-related cargo providing a route of eliminating excess filaggrin from keratinocytes; blocking of sEV release has cytotoxic effects on those cells. Filaggrin-containing sEVs are found in plasma in both healthy individuals and atopic dermatitis patients. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) enhances packaging and secretion of filaggrin-relevant products within the sEVs for enhanced export via a TLR2-mediated mechanism which is also linked to the ubiquitination process. This filaggrin removal system, preventing premature keratinocyte death and epidermal barrier dysfunction, is exploited by S. aureus which promotes filaggrin elimination from the skin that could help safeguard bacterial growth.

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Antibacterial Coatings on Titanium Alloy Implants for Veterinary Application.

The aim of this work was the evaluation of biological properties of hybrid coatings modified with Ag, Cu, and Zn nanoparticles (NPs) applied on TPLO medical implants by the sol-gel process. The implant coatings enriched with various concentrations of metallic NPs were investigated in the in vitro bactericidal efficacy tests against Gram+ and Gram- bacteria and pathogenic yeast. Next, the designed materials were tested on human osteosarcoma cell lines. The cells adhesion, proliferation, viability, and differentiation were investigated. The cell growth wasevaluated using SEM, and the metallic ion release was measured. The results revealed that the NPs concentration in the hybrid layers decreased with the incubation time. In the last stage, the implants were tested in vivo on six canine patients. Three months after the operation, the radiological evaluation of the performed anastomosis was carried out as well as the histopathological evaluation of tissue regeneration. The strongest bactericidal efficacy was observed for the layers containing AgNPs. Along with an increased concentration of metallic additives, a growing toxic effect was clearly observed. The most pronounced toxic effect was especially evident with the AgNPs concentration exceeding 1 mol %. In all the operated patients, no deviations were found during the follow-up examinations in the postoperative period. The low dose of AgNPs in the hybrid layer facilitated the tissue healing process. It was proven that silver nanoparticles may accelerate the bone healing process. The correct tissue reparation was observed.

Controlling the Thermal Stability of a Bainitic Structure by Alloy Design and Isothermal Heat Treatment.

The aim of this work was to develop a novel bainitic steel that will be specifically dedicated to achieving a high degree of refinement (nano- or submicron scale) along with increased thermal stability of the structure at elevated temperatures. The material was characterized by improved in-use properties, expressed as the thermal stability of the structure, compared to nanocrystalline bainitic steels with a limited fraction of carbide precipitations. Assumed criteria for the expected low martensite start temperature, bainitic hardenability level, and thermal stability are specified. The steel design process and complete characteristics of the novel steel including continuous cooling transformation and time-temperature-transformation diagrams based on dilatometry are presented. Moreover, the influence of bainite transformation temperature on the degree of structure refinement and dimensions of austenite blocks was also determined. It was assessed whether, in medium-carbon steels, it is possible to achieve a nanoscale bainitic structure. Finally, the effectiveness of the applied strategy for enhancing thermal stability at elevated temperatures was analyzed.

Exposure of Keratinocytes to Candida Albicans in the Context of Atopic Milieu Induces Changes in the Surface Glycosylation Pattern of Small Extracellular Vesicles to Enhance Their Propensity to Interact With Inhibitory Siglec Receptors.

Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection is a potential complication in the individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) and can affect clinical course of the disease. Here, using primary keratinocytes we determined that atopic milieu promotes changes in the interaction of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with dendritic cells and that this is further enhanced by the presence of C. albicans. sEV uptake is largely dependent on the expression of glycans on their surface; modelling of the protein interactions indicated that recognition of this pathogen through C. albicans-relevant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is linked to several glycosylation enzymes which may in turn affect the expression of sEV glycans. Here, significant changes in the surface glycosylation pattern, as determined by lectin array, could be observed in sEVs upon a combined exposure of keratinocytes to AD cytokines and C. albicans. This included enhanced expression of multiple types of glycans, for which several dendritic cell receptors could be proposed as binding partners. Blocking experiments showed predominant involvement of the inhibitory Siglec-7 and -9 receptors in the sEV-cell interaction and the engagement of sialic acid-containing carbohydrate moieties on the surface of sEVs. This pointed on ST6 ß-Galactoside α-2,6-Sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) and Core 1 ß,3-Galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1) as potential enzymes involved in the process of remodelling of the sEV surface glycans upon C. albicans exposure. Our results suggest that, in combination with atopic dermatitis milieu, C. albicans promotes alterations in the glycosylation pattern of keratinocyte-derived sEVs to interact with inhibitory Siglecs on antigen presenting cells. Hence, a strategy aiming at this pathway to enhance antifungal responses and restrict pathogen spread could offer novel therapeutic options for skin candidiasis in AD.

Stimulation of Sulfonamides Antibacterial Drugs Activity as a Result of Complexation with Ru(III): Physicochemical and Biological Study.

Antibiotic resistance is a global problem, and one promising solution to overcome this issue is using metallodrugs, which are drugs containing metal ions and ligands. These complexes are superior to free ligands in various characteristics including anticancer properties and mechanism of action. The pharmacological potential of metallodrugs can be modulated by the appropriate selection of ligands and metal ions. A good example of proper coordination is the combination of sulfonamides (sulfamerazine, sulfathiazole) with a ruthenium(III) ion. This work aimed to confirm that the activity of sulfonamides antibacterial drugs is initiated and/or stimulated by their coordination to an Ru(III) ion. The study determined the structure, electrochemical profile, CT-DNA affinity, and antimicrobial as well as anticancer properties of the synthesized complexes. The results proved that Ru(III) complexes exhibited better biological properties than the free ligands.

Response of physiological parameters in Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis teratomas transformed with rolB oncogene.

BACKGROUND: Plant transformation with rol oncogenes derived from wild strains of Rhizobium rhizogenes is a popular biotechnology tool. Transformation effects depend on the type of rol gene, expression level, and the number of gene copies incorporated into the plant's genomic DNA. Although rol oncogenes are known as inducers of plant secondary metabolism, little is known about the physiological response of plants subjected to transformation. RESULTS: In this study, the physiological consequences of rolB oncogene incorporation into the DNA of Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis was evaluated at the level of primary and secondary metabolism. Examination of the teratoma (transformed shoots) cultures of two different clones (K and L) showed two different strategies for dealing with the presence of the rolB gene. Clone K showed an increased ratio of free fatty acids to lipids, superoxide dismutase activity, synthesis of the oxidised form of glutathione, and total pool of glutathione and carotenoids, in comparison to non-transformed plants (control). Clone L was characterised by increased accumulation of malondialdehyde, proline, activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, total pool of glutathione, ratio of reduced form of glutathione to oxidised form, and accumulation of selected phenolic acids. Moreover, clone L had an enhanced ratio of total triglycerides to lipids and accumulated saccharose, fructose, glucose, and tyrosine. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that plant transformation with the rolB oncogene derived from R. rhizogenes induces a pleiotropic effect in plant tissue after transformation. Examination of D. muscipula plant in the context of transformation with wild strains of R. rhizogenes can be a new source of knowledge about primary and secondary metabolites in transgenic organisms.

Cement Paste Mixture Proportioning with Particle Packing Theory: An Ambiguous Effect of Microsilica.

Recently, the research of innovative building materials is focused on applying supplementary materials in the form of micro- and nanopowders in cementitious composites due to the growing insistence on sustainable development. Considering above, in paper, a research on the effect of microsilica and SiO2 nanoparticles addition to cement paste, designed with Andreasen and Andersen (AA) packing density model (PDM), in terms of its physical and mechanical properties was conducted. Density, porosity, compressive strength, hardness, and modulus of indentation were investigated and compared regarding different amount of additives used in cement paste mixes. Microstructure of the obtained pastes was analyzed. The possibility of negative influence of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) on the mechanical properties of the obtained composites was analyzed. The results of the conducted investigations were discussed, and conclusions, also practical, were presented. The obtained results confirmed that the applied PDM may be an effective tool in cement paste design, when low porosity of prepared composite is required. On the other hand, the application of AA model did not bring satisfactory results of mechanical performance as expected, what was related, as shown by SEM imaging, with inhomogeneous dispersion of microsilica, and creation of agglomerates acting as reactive aggregates, what as a consequence caused ASR reaction, crack occurrence and lowered mechanical properties. Finally, the study found that the use of about 7.5% wt. of microsilica is the optimum in regards to obtain low porosity, while, to achieve improved mechanical properties, the use of 4 wt. % of microsilica seems to be optimal, in the case of tested cement pastes.

Potential of Silver Nanoparticles in Overcoming the Intrinsic Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Secondary Metabolites from Carnivorous Plants.

Carnivorous plants are exemplary natural sources of secondary metabolites with biological activity. However, the therapeutic antimicrobial potential of these compounds is limited due to intrinsic resistance of selected bacterial pathogens, among which Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents an extreme example. The objective of the study was to overcome the intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa by combining silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with secondary metabolites from selected carnivorous plant species. We employed the broth microdilution method, the checkerboard titration technique and comprehensive phytochemical analyses to define interactions between nanoparticles and active compounds from carnivorous plants. It has been confirmed that P. aeruginosa is resistant to a broad range of secondary metabolites from carnivorous plants, i.e., naphthoquinones, flavonoids, phenolic acids (MBC = 512 µg mL-1) and only weakly sensitive to their mixtures, i.e., extracts and extracts' fractions. However, it was shown that the antimicrobial activity of extracts and fractions with a significant level of naphthoquinone (plumbagin) was significantly enhanced by AgNPs. Our studies clearly demonstrated a crucial role of naphthoquinones in AgNPs and extract interaction, as well as depicted the potential of AgNPs to restore the bactericidal activity of naphthoquinones towards P. aeruginosa. Our findings indicate the significant potential of nanoparticles to modulate the activity of selected secondary metabolites and revisit their antimicrobial potential towards human pathogenic bacteria.

The Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Reinforcement by Cemented-Carbide Plates in Two Design Variants of the Chisels Intended for Cultivation-Sowing Aggregates.

Field tribological tests of two design variants of chisels used in the teeth of a cultivation-sowing unit were carried out in this research. A characteristic feature of the first variant of chisels was the reinforcement of their contact surface and almost the entire rake surface by plates made of cemented carbides. On the other hand, the second variant of chisels was reinforced only in the area of the blade by two plates made of cemented carbides, soldered on the rake face of the elements. The use of the first variant of chisels contributed to a significant reduction in the wear rate of elements, especially in terms of thickness and width loss. Effective reinforcement of the rake face, with relatively lower resistance to length reduction in the elements, raises doubts as to the validity of the use of cemented-carbide plates on almost the entire length of their rake face, because the applied variant of chisels contributed to a significantly higher price. However, the second variant of chisels effectively limited the intensity of the loss of the length of the elements, and the cause of the loss of their usefulness as part of the base material wear. It was found that the main wear mechanism of the cemented-carbide plates consisted of matrix removal under the influence of the finest fraction of the soil, which weakened the embedding of carbides, and then crushing or chipping of carbide grains from the matrix, whereas the dominant wear mechanisms of martensitic steel were grooving and micro-cutting.

Transformed tissue of Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis as a source of biologically active phenolic compounds with bactericidal properties.

The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis) is a carnivorous plant able to synthesize large amounts of phenolic compounds, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and 1,4-naphtoquinones. In this study, the first genetic transformation of D. muscipula tissues is presented. Two wild-type Rhizobium rhizogenes strains (LBA 9402 and ATCC 15834) were suitable vector organisms in the transformation process. Transformation led to the formation of teratoma (transformed shoot) cultures with the bacterial rolB gene incorporated into the plant genome in a single copy. Using high-pressure liquid chromatography, we demonstrated that transgenic plants were characterized by an increased quantity of phenolic compounds, including 1,4-naphtoquinone derivative, plumbagin (up to 106.63 mg × g-1 DW), and phenolic acids (including salicylic, caffeic, and ellagic acid), in comparison to non-transformed plants. Moreover, Rhizobium-mediated transformation highly increased the bactericidal properties of teratoma-derived extracts. The antibacterial properties of transformed plants were increased up to 33% against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli and up to 7% against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For the first time, we prove the possibility of D. muscipula transformation. Moreover, we propose that transformation may be a valuable tool for enhancing secondary metabolite production in D. muscipula tissue and to increase bactericidal properties against human antibiotic-resistant bacteria. KEY POINTS: • Rhizobium-mediated transformation created Dionaea muscipula teratomas. • Transformed plants had highly increased synthesis of phenolic compounds. • The MBC value was connected with plumbagin and phenolic acid concentrations.

Iris pseudacorus as an easily accessible source of antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds.

Iris pseudacorus is one of the most widespread iris species and possesses complex secondary metabolites. Our study showed that its rhizomes are abundant with phenolic compounds of which 80 % belong to the tannin group. Methanolic extracts from garden cultured iris rhizomes possessed antibacterial activity against human Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae pathogens including clinical isolates resistant to commercially available antibiotics. Moreover the extract from rhizome, in concentration 3.125 mg dry weight/mL, containing gallocatechin (1), effectively combats S. aureus biofilm. The same rhizome extract acts against human cancer cell lines, especially against estrogen positive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (IC50 = 11.75 µg/mL). In vitro culture of excised, anatomical roots of I. pseudacorus excreted three antistaphylococcal compounds into the plant medium, detected by using TLC-overlayer bioautography. By the use of HPLC-DAD-ESIMS system 2 active compounds were identified as 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,3'-dimethoxy-isoflavone (7) and unknown dimethoxy-dihydroxy-isoflavone (9). I. pseudacorus as a non-edible plant might be considered to be new, easy accessible, non-wood source of biologically active polyphenolics.

Impact of Impulses on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Performance of Al-Mg-Si Alloy Joined by Impulse Friction Stir Welding.

Impulse Friction Stir Welding (IFSW) was utilized to join 6082-T6 alloy plates at various impulse frequencies. A distinctive feature of IFSW is the generation of mechanical impulses that enhances the forging action of the tool, and thereby, alters the weld microstructure. The microstructural evolution in the Stir Zone (SZ) with special focus on the strengthening precipitation behavior, and overall mechanical properties of the IFSW joints have been investigated. It was demonstrated that the strengthening ß″ precipitates reprecipitated in the SZ of the IFSW joints during natural aging. In contrast, no precipitates were found in the SZ of the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) weld. Partial reversion of ß″ after IFSW is supposed to occur due to more developed subgrain network and higher dislocation density introduced by impulses that accelerated precipitation kinetics. Dynamic recrystallisation was facilitated by impulses resulting in a fine, homogeneous structure. There was no significant difference between the microhardness in the SZ, tensile and yield strength of the FSW and IFSW joints. However, the application of impulses demonstrated the smoothing of the hardness reduction in the transition region at the advancing side. The shift of the fracture location from the Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) by FSW to the SZ as well as higher elongation of the joints by IFSW of lower frequencies could be related to the grain refinement and the change of the grain orientation.

Metallurgical Characterization of Welded Joint of Nanostructured Bainite: Regeneration Technique versus Post Welding Heat Treatment.

One of the main limitations in application of nanostructured carbide-free bainite as a construction material is the difficulty of joining. This research presents a structural characterization of welded joints of medium carbon 55Si7 grade steel after the welding process with a regeneration technique as well as post welding heat treatment (PWHT). The hardness distribution of the welded joint with regeneration exhibit an overall decrease in hardness when compared to the base material and a significant decrease in hardness was observed in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Unfavorable hardness distribution was caused by the presence of diffusion-type transformations products (pearlite) in the HAZ and bainite degradation processes. On the other hand, welding with the PWHT promotes the achievement of a comparable level of hardness and structure as in the base material. However, a slight decrease in hardness was observed in the weld zone due to the micro-segregation of the chemical composition caused by the indissoluble solidification structure. Based on the structural analysis, it was found that steel with relatively low hardenability (55Si7) should be welded using PWHT rather than a regeneration technique.

The Effect of the Addition of Polypropylene Fibers to Primer on the Pull-Off Strength of Epoxy Resin Coatings.

This article describes the effect of adding polypropylene fibers to primer on the pull-off strength of epoxy resin coatings. Investigated primers were laid on substrates made of cement mortar and cement slurry. The primer was made of epoxy resin modified with the addition of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of polypropylene fibers. One reference sample was made without the addition of fibers. Then, an epoxy resin coating was applied to each substrate. Four pull-off strength tests were performed for each material configuration. For this purpose, an automatic device for measuring the pull-off strength of the coatings was used. The results were compared with the results obtained for the reference sample. The optimum content of polypropylene fibers was found to be in the range of 0.5-1.0 wt. % of the mass of the resin. One percent of fibers was optimum for the epoxy resin laid on the cement slurry, while 0.5 wt. % of fibers was optimum for the mortar substrate. The addition of a higher amount of polypropylene fibers resulted in a lower pull-off strength of coatings than for the reference sample.

Antibacterial composite hybrid coatings of veterinary medical implants.

The aim of the work was to develop innovative antibacterial hybrid coatings applied on implants that are used for anastomoses of animals' long bones and to assess their physicochemical and biological properties. Plates made of the titanium alloy were covered with composite hybrid layers so as to protect the implant surface against corrosion and to enhance it with antibacterial properties.The hybrid coatings were obtained electrochemical oxidation and sol-gel. First, a layer of titanium nanotubes was applied to the implants surface through anodization. Next, the sol-gel method was used to create the second layer with silver nanoparticles. The microstructure examination of the materials was performed with the SEM. The phase composition analysis was carried out via the X-ray diffraction. The surface parameters (roughness, contact angle and free surface energy) were assessed. Biological studies of implants were conducted, including the analysis of degradation processes, cell response and bactericidal activity. The results confirmed that the hybrid antibacterial layers effectively protected the implant surface against scratches and corrosion and eliminated bacteria, which in turn would promote bone healing. The advantageous physicochemical and biological properties of metallic implants with hybrid composite layers raise hopes for their applicability in the veterinary treatment of bone fractures.

The Influence of Microstructure on Abrasive Wear Micro-Mechanisms of the Claddings Produced by Welding Used in Agricultural Soil.

Claddings produced by welding are commonly used to increase the durability of the working elements of agricultural tools. The working conditions that occur during the cultivation of agricultural soil determine the wear intensity (different soil fractions, biological, and chemical environment). It was found that the tested claddings (Fe-Cr-C-Nb system) is characterized by three different layers: hypereutectic (layer I), near eutectic (layer II), and hypoeutectic (layer III). In layer I, micro-cracking and spalling of hard and brittle primary M7C3 carbides resulted in micro-delamination under the impact of larger soil fractions, which increased the wear intensity. Due to the lower fraction of primary M7C3 carbides in layer II, the share of micro-delamination was less significant in comparison to layer I. It was found that niobium carbides are firmly embedded in the matrix and effectively inhibit wear intensity in layer I and layer II. Layer III contained austenite dendrites, a refined eutectic mixture, and also NbC. In this layer, cracks (caused the unfavorable eutectic mixture morphology) were found in the interdendritic spaces at the worn surface. After the penetration of the cladding, there was a "wash-out effect", which resulted in a significant reduction in the durability of the working elements due to abrasive wear.

Elicitation-Based Method for Increasing the Production of Antioxidant and Bactericidal Phenolic Compounds in Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis Tissue.

The carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis (Venus flytrap) is a widely known medical herb, capable of producing various phenolic compounds known for their strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties. In the pharmaceutical industry, Venus flytrap is grown in tissue cultures, as the natural population of D. muscipula is very limited. Here, we describe an improved method to increase the quantity and quality of phenolic compounds produced in D. muscipula. This is achieved by combining biotic elicitation (using Cronobacter sakazakii bacteria lysate) of D. muscipula cultured with rotary shaking (hydromechanical stress), which we describe here for the first time. The antibacterial activity and the antioxidant properties of the obtained compounds were studied on two antibiotic-resistant human pathogenic bacteria. The proposed plant culture conditions resulted in an increase in fresh weight, as well as a higher total phenolic content, in comparison to traditional tissue cultures on agar-solidified medium. With the use of high-performance liquid chromatography, we demonstrated that the described elicitation strategy leads to an increased synthesis of myricetin, caffeic acid, ellagic acid and plumbagin in D. muscipula tissue. We also found that a higher level of antioxidant activity, exhibited by the plant extract, corresponded with its higher phenylpropanoid content. The bactericidal activity of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus was dependent on the duration of plant culture under described elicitation conditions, whereas neither elicitation condition (duration or elicitor concentration) seemed relevant for the bactericidal activity of the extract towards Escherichia coli. This suggest that Gram-negative bacteria are less sensitive to compounds derived from Venus flytrap tissue.